How does a haematoma develop?
Small blood vessels can be damaged during or after an operation. If the blood is not fully drained or absorbed by the body, a haematoma forms. This can happen immediately after the procedure or develop in the days that follow. Factors that increase the risk of a haematoma include:
- High blood pressure
- Blood thinners (such as aspirin or anticoagulants)
- Vigorous movement or pressure on the surgical wound
- Insufficient haemostasis (stopping bleeding) during the operation
Symptoms of a haematoma
The symptoms of a haematoma are usually clear and can vary depending on its size and location:
- Swelling: a palpable, sometimes painful lump under the skin.
- Discolouration of the skin: blue, purple, red or even yellowish-green as the haematoma heals.
- Pain or pressure: especially with larger collections or in sensitive areas.
- Warmth or redness: sometimes present, but more severe with an infection.
With large internal haematomas or those near vital organs, symptoms can be more serious, such as breathing difficulties, dizziness or pressure on nearby structures.
Treatment of a haematoma
The treatment of a haematoma depends on its size, location and symptoms. Many small haematomas disappear on their own, but in some cases medical intervention is needed.
- Wait and see: small haematomas are often absorbed by the body itself within a few weeks to months.
- Compression and rest: this can help to reduce swelling and promote healing.
- Ice: immediately after the operation, ice can be used to limit bleeding and swelling.
- Drainage: with large or painful haematomas, the doctor can remove the blood manually with a needle or through a small incision.
- Surgery: in rare cases, for example with very large haematomas or complications such as an infection, surgical repair may be needed.
Complications of a haematoma
Although haematomas are usually harmless, complications can occur:
- Infection: an infected haematoma may require drainage and antibiotics.
- Scars: a large haematoma can cause scar tissue.
- Prolonged pain or discomfort: due to pressure on surrounding tissue or nerves.
- Skin necrosis: severe pressure can damage the surrounding tissue.
It is important to consult a doctor if you have symptoms such as increasing pain, warmth, redness or fever, as these can be signs of infection.
Preventing haematomas
Although not all haematomas can be prevented, a few measures can reduce the risk:
- Stop blood thinners: in consultation with a doctor, before the operation.
- Blood pressure control: high blood pressure can increase the risk of postoperative bleeding.
- Rest and compression: this helps to minimise bleeding and supports recovery.
- Good surgical technique: careful haemostasis during the procedure can prevent bleeding.
Recovery and outlook
Most haematomas heal without lasting problems. The body gradually breaks down the collected blood and the area returns to a normal colour and texture. In more serious cases, such as with large or infected haematomas, additional medical care may be needed.
By being alert and keeping an eye on symptoms, complications can often be prevented or treated quickly.
Want to know what we do in this area? Read about Scar correction.
